A The first two-wheeled machine, built in 1817, had no pedals. Riders pushed it along with their feet, and it was mainly a novelty for the wealthy.
B Pedals were later fixed directly to the front wheel. To travel faster, makers enlarged that wheel, producing the high-wheeler, which was difficult to mount and dangerous to ride. Falls over the handlebars were common.
C The breakthrough came in the 1880s with the safety bicycle. It used a chain to drive the rear wheel, and both wheels were the same size. Soon afterwards, air-filled tyres made riding far more comfortable.
D The bicycle quickly changed daily life. Workers could live further from their factories, and many women gained a new sense of independence. Fashion changed too, as long skirts were replaced by more practical clothing.
E Although cars later dominated roads, the bicycle never disappeared. Today it is promoted as a solution to congestion and poor air quality, and electric models are helping new riders tackle hills.